Published on des 3 / 2019 The most basic building material for construction of houses is the conventional brick. The rapid growth in today’s construction industry has obliged the civil engineers in searching for more efficient and durable alternatives far beyond the limitations of thom
A number of studies had taken serious steps in manufacturing bricks from several of waste materials. However, the traditional mean of bricks production which has brought hazardous impacts to the context has not yet been changed or replaced by more efficient and sustainable one.
This paper aims to compile this state of the art work of manufacturing bricks in the past and the current trend in the bricks industry with respect to the raw materials, ways of manufacturing and the out- comings. Moreover, the hazardous impacts of the conventional brick manufacturing will be wholly covered as well as the attempts of the previous researches in treating the problem properly.
This paper is an attempt to fill the gap of the past studies and suggest more sustainable and sophisticated methods of brick manufacturing in the future.
Brick is a popular construction material for thousands of years. At present, the demand of bricks is soaring, especially in the developing country like Bangladesh, where infrastructure development projects are the top priority. The current population of the country is assessed at around 149 million. A large portion of this huge populace are migrating to the urban areas for better living condition. Owing to
this rapid urbanization, a sharp rise of 5.6 percent per year has been noticed for the construction industry.
This trend eventually directed the brick sector to increase annually at an projected 2 - 3 percent over the next decade for housing construction and commercial sector developments.
Though, the brick manufacturers in Bangladesh is therefore expanding in production, a good number of these producers are not formally recognized as industry and not advancing technologically.
The kilns and technology remained unchanged for long times back and still consumes energy inefficiently. Biomass, mainly firewood and rice husk, are the main energy sources for the brick firing. Brick making is traditionally a cottage industry which produces bricks for local consumption; though its technological development is inadequate.
Current technologies for brick production such as clamps, high draught kilns and bull’s trench kilns consume large quantities of fuel such as coal, firewood and other biomass.
In Bangladesh, about 4,500 brick kilns are in operation, producing about 9 billion bricks
per year. Of the 4,500 kilns, more than 4,000 are of the Bull’s trench kiln type. The BTK employs an
extremely crude technology to fire bricks.
There are also about 400 fixed chimney kilns, 15 zig zag kilns, 25 Hoffman kilns and 5 modern tunnel-type kilns currently in operation in the country. Hoffman kiln uses natural gas and the other three types of kiln use low-grade coal and firewood as fuel.
The devastating effect of the pollution caused by the huge amount of emission from the brick industry has attracted the attention of the regulatory agencies, like the Department of Environment in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Government first promulgated the ‘brickfield Law'.
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